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                <h4 id="1-数据库基础知识"><a href="#1-数据库基础知识" class="headerlink" title="1.数据库基础知识"></a>1.数据库基础知识</h4><h6 id="什么是数据库"><a href="#什么是数据库" class="headerlink" title="什么是数据库"></a>什么是数据库</h6><p>数据库是一种存储结构，它允许使用各种格式输入、处理和检索数据——不必在每次需要数据时重新输入它们。例如，当需要某人的电话号码时，需要查看电话簿，按照姓名来查阅，这个电话本就是一个数据库。数据库具有以下主要特点：</p>
<ul>
<li>实现数据共享。</li>
<li>减少数据的冗余度。</li>
<li>数据的独立性。</li>
<li>数据实现集中控制。</li>
<li>数据的一致性和可维护性，以确保数据的安全性和可靠性。</li>
</ul>
<h6 id="数据库的种类及功能"><a href="#数据库的种类及功能" class="headerlink" title="数据库的种类及功能"></a>数据库的种类及功能</h6><blockquote>
<p>数据库系统一般基于某种数据模型，可以分为层次型、网状型、关系型及面向对象型等。</p>
</blockquote>
<ul>
<li>层次型数据库</li>
<li>网状型数据库</li>
<li>面向对象型数据库</li>
<li>关系型数据库</li>
</ul>
<h6 id="SQL语言"><a href="#SQL语言" class="headerlink" title="SQL语言"></a>SQL语言</h6><p>SQL（Structure Query Language，结构化查询语言）被广泛地应用于大多数数据库中，使用SQL语言可以方便地查询、操作、定义和控制数据库中的数据。SQL语言主要由以下几部分组成。</p>
<ul>
<li>数据定义语言（Data Definition Language，DDL），如create、alter、drop等。</li>
<li>数据操纵语言（Data Manipulation Language，DML），如select、insert、update、delete等。</li>
<li>数据控制语言（Data Control Language，DCL），如grant、revoke等。</li>
<li>事务控制语言（Transaction Control Language），如commit、rollback等。</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="2-JDBC概述"><a href="#2-JDBC概述" class="headerlink" title="2.JDBC概述"></a>2.JDBC概述</h4><h6 id="JDBC-ODBC桥"><a href="#JDBC-ODBC桥" class="headerlink" title="JDBC-ODBC桥"></a>JDBC-ODBC桥</h6><p>JDBC-ODBC桥是一个JDBC驱动程序，完成了从JDBC操作到ODBC操作之间的转换工作，允许JDBC驱动程序被用作ODBC的驱动程序。使用JDBC-ODBC桥连接数据库的步骤如下：<br>（1）首先加载JDBC-ODBC桥的驱动程序。<br>（2）使用java.sql包中的Connection接口，并通过DriverManager类的静态方法getConnection()创建连接对象。<br>（3）向数据库发送SQL语句。</p>
<h6 id="JDBC技术"><a href="#JDBC技术" class="headerlink" title="JDBC技术"></a>JDBC技术</h6><p>JDBC的全称是Java DataBase Connectiviry，是一套面向对象的应用程序接口，指定了统一的访问各种关系型数据库的标准接口。JDBC是一种底层的API，因此访问数据库时需要在业务逻辑层中嵌入SQL语句。SQL语句是面向关系的，依赖于关系模型，所以通过JDBC技术访问数据库也是面向关系的。JDBC技术主要完成以下几个任务：</p>
<ul>
<li><p>与数据库建立一个连接。</p>
</li>
<li><p>向数据库发送SQL语句。</p>
</li>
<li><p>处理从数据库返回的结果。</p>
<blockquote>
<p> 需要注意的是，JDBC并不能直接访问数据库，必须依赖于数据库厂商提供的JDBC驱动程序。下面详细介绍JDBC驱动程序的分类。</p>
</blockquote>
</li>
</ul>
<h6 id="JDBC驱动程序的类型"><a href="#JDBC驱动程序的类型" class="headerlink" title="JDBC驱动程序的类型"></a>JDBC驱动程序的类型</h6><p>JDBC的总体结构由4个组件——应用程序、驱动程序管理器、驱动程序和数据源组成。JDBC驱动基本上分为以下4种。</p>
<ul>
<li>JDBC-ODBC桥</li>
<li>本地API一部分用Java编写的驱动程序</li>
<li>JDBC网络驱动</li>
<li>本地协议驱动</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="3-JDBC的常用类和接口"><a href="#3-JDBC的常用类和接口" class="headerlink" title="3.JDBC的常用类和接口"></a>3.JDBC的常用类和接口</h4><h6 id="Connection接口"><a href="#Connection接口" class="headerlink" title="Connection接口"></a>Connection接口</h6><p>Connection接口代表与特定的数据库的连接。要对数据表中数据进行操作，首先要获取数据库连接。Connection实例就像在应用程序与数据库之间开通了一条渠道。</p>
<p><img src="https://gitee.com/liangxinixn/blog002/raw/master/image01/20210217192043.png"></p>
<p><img src="https://gitee.com/liangxinixn/blog002/raw/master/image01/20210217192216.png"></p>
<h6 id="Statement接口"><a href="#Statement接口" class="headerlink" title="Statement接口"></a>Statement接口</h6><p><img src="https://gitee.com/liangxinixn/blog002/raw/master/image01/20210217192338.png"></p>
<h6 id="PreparedStatement接口"><a href="#PreparedStatement接口" class="headerlink" title="PreparedStatement接口"></a>PreparedStatement接口</h6><p><img src="https://gitee.com/liangxinixn/blog002/raw/master/image01/20210217192247.png"></p>
<h6 id="DriverManager类"><a href="#DriverManager类" class="headerlink" title="DriverManager类"></a>DriverManager类</h6><blockquote>
<p>DriverManager类用来管理数据库中的所有驱动程序。是JDBC的管理层，作用于用户和驱动程序之间，跟踪可用的驱动程序，并在数据库的驱动程序之间建立连接。此外，DriverManager类也处理诸如驱动程序登录时间限制及登录和跟踪信息的显示等事务。DriverManager类中的方法都是静态方法，所以在程序中无须对它进行实例化，直接通过类名就可以调用。</p>
</blockquote>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>方法</th>
<th>功能描述</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>getConnection(String url,String user,String password)</td>
<td>指定入口参数来获取数据库连接</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>setLoginTimeout()</td>
<td>设置登录等待最大时间</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>println(String message)</td>
<td>将消息打印到当前JDBC日志流中</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h6 id="ResultSet接口"><a href="#ResultSet接口" class="headerlink" title="ResultSet接口"></a>ResultSet接口</h6><blockquote>
<p>ResultSet接口类似于一个临时表，用来暂时存放数据库查询操作所获得的结果集。ResultSet接口的常用方法如下表所示。</p>
</blockquote>
<p><img src="https://gitee.com/liangxinixn/blog002/raw/master/image01/20210217192822.png"></p>
<h4 id="4-数据库操作"><a href="#4-数据库操作" class="headerlink" title="4.数据库操作"></a>4.数据库操作</h4><p>要访问数据库，首先要加载数据库的驱动程序（只需要在第一次访问数据库时加载一次），然后每次访问数据时创建一个Connection对象，之后执行操作数据库的SQL语句，最后在完成数据库操作后销毁前面创建的Connection对象，释放与数据库的连接。</p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">import java.sql.*; //导入java.sql包

public class Conn { // 创建类Conn
	Connection con; // 声明Connection对象

	public Connection getConnection() { // 建立返回值为Connection的方法
		try { // 加载数据库驱动类
			Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
			System.out.println("数据库驱动加载成功");
		} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
		}
		try { // 通过访问数据库的URL获取数据库连接对象
			con = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql:"
					+ "//127.0.0.1:3306/test", "root", "123456");
			System.out.println("数据库连接成功");
		} catch (SQLException e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
		}
		return con; // 按方法要求返回一个Connection对象
	}

	public static void main(String[] args) { // 主方法
		Conn c = new Conn(); // 创建本类对象
		c.getConnection(); // 调用连接数据库的方法
	}
}
<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<ul>
<li><p>向数据库发送SQL语句</p>
</li>
<li><p>处理查询结果集</p>
</li>
<li><p>顺序查询</p>
</li>
</ul>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">import java.sql.*;

public class Gradation { // 创建类
	static Connection con; // 声明Connection对象
	static Statement sql; // 声明Statement对象
	static ResultSet res; // 声明ResultSet对象

	public Connection getConnection() { // 连接数据库方法

		try {
			Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
			con = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql:"
					+ "//127.0.0.1:3306/test", "root", "123456");
		} catch (Exception e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
		}
		return con; // 返回Connection对象
	}

	public static void main(String[] args) { // 主方法
		Gradation c = new Gradation(); // 创建本类对象
		con = c.getConnection(); // 与数据库建立连接
		try {
			sql = con.createStatement(); // 实例化Statement对象
			// 执行SQL语句，返回结果集
			res = sql.executeQuery("select * from tb_stu");
			while (res.next()) { // 如果当前语句不是最后一条则进入循环
				String id = res.getString("id"); // 获取列名是"id"的字段值
				// 获取列名是"name"的字段值
				String name = res.getString("name");
				// 获取列名是"sex"的字段值
				String sex = res.getString("sex");
				// 获取列名是"birthday"的字段值
				String birthday = res.getString("birthday");
				System.out.print("编号：" + id); // 将列值输出
				System.out.print(" 姓名:" + name);
				System.out.print(" 性别:" + sex);
				System.out.println(" 生日：" + birthday);
			}
		} catch (Exception e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
		}
	}
}
<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<ul>
<li>模糊查询</li>
</ul>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">import java.sql.*;

public class Train { // 创建类Train
	static Connection con; // 声明Connection对象
	static Statement sql; // 声明Statement对象
	static ResultSet res; // 声明ResultSet对象
	
	public Connection getConnection() { // 与数据库连接方法
		try {
			Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
			con = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql:"
					+ "//127.0.0.1:3306/test", "root", "123456");
		} catch (Exception e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
		}
		return con; // 返回Connection对象
	}
	
	public static void main(String[] args) { // 主方法
		Train c = new Train(); // 创建本类对象
		con = c.getConnection(); // 获取与数据库的连接
		try { // try语句捕捉异常
			sql = con.createStatement(); // 实例化Statement对象
			res = sql
					.executeQuery("select * from tb_stu where name like '张%'");// 执行SQL语句
			while (res.next()) { // 如果当前记录不是结果集中的最后一条，进入循环体
				String id = res.getString(1); // 获取id字段值
				String name = res.getString("name"); // 获取name字段值
				String sex = res.getString("sex"); // 获取sex字段值
				String birthday = res.getString("birthday"); // 获取birthday字段值
				System.out.print("编号：" + id); // 输出信息
				System.out.print(" 姓名：" + name);
				System.out.print(" 性别:" + sex);
				System.out.println(" 生日：" + birthday);
			}
		} catch (Exception e) { // 处理异常
			e.printStackTrace(); // 输出异常信息
		}
	}
}
<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<ul>
<li>预处理语句</li>
</ul>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">import java.sql.*;
public class Prep { // 创建类Perp
	static Connection con; // 声明Connection对象
	static PreparedStatement sql; // 声明预处理对象
	static ResultSet res; // 声明结果集对象
	public Connection getConnection() { // 与数据库连接方法
		try {
			Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
			con = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql:"
					+ "//127.0.0.1:3306/test", "root", "123456");
		} catch (Exception e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
		}
		return con; // 返回Connection对象
	}
	
	public static void main(String[] args) { // 主方法
		Prep c = new Prep(); // 创建本类对象
		con = c.getConnection(); // 获取与数据库的连接
		try {
			// 实例化预处理对象
			sql = con.prepareStatement("select * from tb_stu"
					+ " where id = ?");
			sql.setInt(1, 4); // 设置参数
			res = sql.executeQuery(); // 执行预处理语句
			// 如果当前记录不是结果集中最后一行，则进入循环体
			while (res.next()) {
				String id = res.getString(1); // 获取结果集中第一列的值
				String name = res.getString("name"); // 获取name列的列值
				String sex = res.getString("sex"); // 获取sex列的列值
				// 获取birthday列的列值
				String birthday = res.getString("birthday");
				System.out.print("编号：" + id); // 输出信息
				System.out.print(" 姓名：" + name);
				System.out.print(" 性别:" + sex);
				System.out.println(" 生日：" + birthday);
			}
		} catch (Exception e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
		}
	}
}
<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<ul>
<li>添加、修改、删除记录</li>
</ul>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">import java.sql.*;

public class Renewal { // 创建类
	static Connection con; // 声明Connection对象
	static PreparedStatement sql; // 声明PreparedStatement对象
	static ResultSet res; // 声明ResultSet对象

	public Connection getConnection() {
		try {
			Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
			con = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql:"
					+ "//127.0.0.1:3306/test", "root", "123456");
		} catch (Exception e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
		}
		return con;
	}

	public static void main(String[] args) {
		Renewal c = new Renewal(); // 创建本类对象
		con = c.getConnection(); // 调用连接数据库方法
		try {
			sql = con.prepareStatement("select * from tb_stu"); // 查询数据库
			res = sql.executeQuery(); // 执行SQL语句
			System.out.println("执行增加、修改、删除前数据:");
			while (res.next()) {
				String id = res.getString(1);
				String name = res.getString("name");
				String sex = res.getString("sex");
				String birthday = res.getString("birthday"); // 遍历查询结果集
				System.out.print("编号：" + id);
				System.out.print(" 姓名：" + name);
				System.out.print(" 性别:" + sex);
				System.out.println(" 生日：" + birthday);
			}
			sql = con.prepareStatement("insert into tb_stu(name,sex,birthday) values(?,?,?)");
			sql.setString(1, "张一"); // 预处理添加数据
			sql.setString(2, "女");
			sql.setString(3, "2012-12-1");
			sql.executeUpdate();
			sql = con.prepareStatement("update tb_stu set birthday "
					+ "= ? where id = ? ");
			sql.setString(1, "2012-12-02"); // 更新数据
			sql.setInt(2, 1); // 更新数据
			sql.executeUpdate();
			Statement stmt = con.createStatement();
			stmt.executeUpdate("delete from tb_stu where id = 1");
			// 查询修改数据后的tb_stu表中数据
			sql = con.prepareStatement("select * from tb_stu");
			res = sql.executeQuery(); // 执行SQL语句
			System.out.println("执行增加、修改、删除后的数据:");
			while (res.next()) {
				String id = res.getString(1);
				String name = res.getString("name");
				String sex = res.getString("sex");
				String birthday = res.getString("birthday");
				System.out.print("编号：" + id);
				System.out.print(" 姓名：" + name);
				System.out.print(" 性别:" + sex);
				System.out.println(" 生日：" + birthday);
			}
		} catch (Exception e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
		}
	}
}
<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<blockquote>
<p>作业</p>
</blockquote>
<ul>
<li>查询数据表所有成员的功能</li>
</ul>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">import java.sql.*;

public class SearchEmp {

	static Connection con;
	static Statement sql;
	static ResultSet res;

	public Connection getConnection() {
		try {
			Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
			con = DriverManager.getConnection(
					"jdbc:mysql://127.0.0.1:3306/test", "root", "123456");
		} catch (Exception e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
		}
		return con;
	}

	public static void main(String[] args) {
		SearchEmp c = new SearchEmp();
		con = c.getConnection();
		try {
			sql = con.createStatement();
			res = sql.executeQuery("select * from tb_emp where"
					+ " dapt = '销售部'");
			while (res.next()) {
				String id = res.getString(1);
				String name = res.getString("name");
				String sex = res.getString("sex");
				String birthday = res.getString("birthday");
				System.out.print("编号：" + id);
				System.out.print(" 姓名：" + name);
				System.out.print(" 性别:" + sex);
				System.out.println(" 生日：" + birthday);
			}
		} catch (Exception e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
		}
	}
}<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<ul>
<li>添加数据</li>
</ul>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">import java.sql.*;

public class InsertStu {
	
	static Connection con;
	static PreparedStatement sql;
	static ResultSet res;
	
	public Connection getConnection() {
		try {
			Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
			con = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql:"
					+ "//127.0.0.1:3306/test", "root", "123456");
		} catch (Exception e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
		}
		return con;
	}
	
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		InsertStu c = new InsertStu();
		con = c.getConnection();
		try {
			sql = con.prepareStatement("insert into tb_stu(name,sex,birthday) values(?,?,?)");
			sql.setString(1, "李某");
			sql.setString(2, "女");
			sql.setString(3, "1999-10-20");
			sql.executeUpdate();
			System.out.println("数据插入成功。");
		} catch (SQLException e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
		}
	}
}<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<ul>
<li>删除功能</li>
</ul>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">import java.sql.*;

public class DeleteStu {
	static Connection con;
	static PreparedStatement sql;
	static ResultSet res;
	public Connection getConnection() {
		try {
			Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
			con = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql:"
					+ "//127.0.0.1:3306/test", "root", "123456");
		} catch (Exception e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
		}
		return con;
	}
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		DeleteStu c = new DeleteStu();
		con = c.getConnection();
		try {
			sql = con.prepareStatement("delete from tb_stu where birthday &lt; ?");
			sql.setString(1, "2010-01-01");
			sql.executeUpdate();
			System.out.println("数据删除完毕");
		} catch (SQLException e) {
			// TODO 自动生成 catch 块
			e.printStackTrace();
		}
		
	}
}
<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>

                
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